Measurement Invariance and Alignment

Alignment

• Asparouhov, T. & Muthén, B. (2023). Multiple group alignment for exploratory and structural equation models. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 30(2), 169-191. DOI: 10.1080/10705511.2022.2127100
  
  
• Leitgöb, H., Seddig, D., Asparouhov, T., Behr, D., Davidov, E., De Roover, K., Jak, S., Meitinger, K., Menold, N., Muthén, B., Rudnev, M. & Schmidt, P. (2022). Measurement invariance in the social sciences: Historical development, methodological challenges, state of the art, and future perspectives. Social Science Research. DOI: 10.1016/j.ssresearch.2022.102805
  
  
• Billet, J., Meeusen, C. & Abts, K. (2021). The relationship between (sub)national identity, citizenship conceptions, and perceived ethnic threat in Flanders and Wallonia for the period 1995-2020: A measurement invariance testing strategy. Forthcoming in Frontiers in Political Science. DOI: 10.3389/fpos.2021.676551
  
  
• DeMars, C.E. (2019). Alignment as an alternative to anchor purification in DIF analyses. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, DOI: 10.1080/10705511.2019.1617151
  
  

  Special Issue: Measurement Invariance - Sociological Methods & Research

  • Cieciuch, J., Davidov, E., Algesheimer, R. & Schmidt, P. (2018). Testing for approximate measurement invariance of human values in the European Social Survey. Sociological Methods & Research, 47:4 665-686. DOI: 10.1177/0049124117701478
    
    
  • Davidov, E., Dülmer, H., Cieciuch, J., Kuntz, A., Seddig, D. & Schmidt, P. (2018). Explaining measurement nonequivalence using multilevel structure equation modeling: The case of attitudes toward citizenship rights. Sociological Methods & Research, 47:4 729-760. DOI: 10.1177/0049124116672678
    
    
  • Munck, I., Barber, C., & Torney-Purta, J. (2018). Measurement invariance in comparing attitudes toward immigrants among youth across Europe in 1999 and 2009. Sociological Methods & Research, 47:4 687-728. DOI: 10.1177/0049124117729691
    
    
  • Muthén, B. & Asparouhov, T. (2018). Recent methods for the study of measurement invariance with many groups: Alignment and random effects. Sociological Methods & Research, 47:4 637-664. DOI: 10.1177/0049124117701488 Mplus scripts.
    
    
• Lomazzi, V. (2017). Using alignment optimization to test the measurement invariance of gender role attitudes in 59 countries. methods, data, analyses, [S.l.], p. 27, ISSN 2190-4936.
  
  
• Munck, I., Barber, C., & Torney-Purta, J. (2017). Measurement invariance in comparing attitudes toward immigrants among youth across Europe in 1999 and 2009: The alignment method applied to IEA CIVED and ICCS. Sociological Methods & Research, DOI: 10.1177/0049124117729691
  
  
• Flake, J.K. & McCoach, D. B. (2017). An investigation of the alignment method with polytomous indicators under conditions of partial measurement invariance. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, DOI: 10.1080/10705511.2017.1374187
  
  
• Marsh, H. W., Guo, J., Nagengast, B., Parker, P. D., Asparouhov, T., Muthén, B., & Dicke, T. (2018). What to do when scalar invariance fails: The extended alignment method for multigroup factor analysis comparison of latent means across many groups. Psychological Methods, 23(3), 524-545. DOI: 10.1037/met0000113
  
  
• Muthén, B. & Asparouhov, T. (2018). Recent methods for the study of measurement invariance with many groups: Alignment and random effects. Sociological Methods & Research, 47:4 637-664. DOI: 10.1177/0049124117701488 Mplus scripts.
  
  
• Asparouhov T. & Muthén, B. (2014). Multiple-group factor analysis alignment. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 21:4, 495-508. Download Mplus files.
  
  
• Muthén, B. & Asparouhov T. (2014). IRT studies of many groups: The alignment method. Frontiers in Psychology, Volume 5, DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00978
  
  
• Muthén, B. (1989). Latent variable modeling in heterogeneous populations. Psychometrika, 54:4, 557-585.
  
  

Longitudinal Measurement Invariance

• Muthén workshop slides from the June 26, 2023, Modern Modeling Methods conference at UCONN.

BSEM

• Seddig, D., & Leitgöb, H. (2018a). Approximate measurement invariance and longitudinal confirmatory factor analysis: concept and application with panel data. Survey Research Methods, 12(1), 29-41.
  
  
• Seddig, D., & Leitgöb, H. (2018b). Exact and Bayesian approximate measurement invariance. In E. Davidov, P. Schmidt, & J. Billiet (Eds.), Cross cultural analysis: Methods and applications (2. Ed.) (pp. 553-579). New York: Routledge.
  
  
• Shi, D., Song, H., DiStefano, C., Maydeu-Olivares, A., McDaniel H.L. & Jiang, Z. (2018). Evaluating factorial invariance: An interval estimation approach using Bayesian structural equation modeling. Multivariate Behavioral Research, DOI: 10.1080/00273171.2018.1514484
  
  
• Muthén, B. & Asparouhov, T. (2013). BSEM measurement invariance analysis.
  
  
• Muthén, B. & Asparouhov, T. (2012). Bayesian SEM: A more flexible representation of substantive theory. Psychological Methods, 17, 313-335. Download the 2nd version dated April 14, 2011. View the seven web tables referred to in the paper. View Mplus inputs, data, and outputs used in this version of paper. Download the 1st version dated September 29, 2010 containing a MIMIC section and more tables. Download the corresponding Mplus inputs, data, and outputs. The seven web tables correspond to tables 8, 10, 17, 18, 19, 20, and 21 of the first version.
  
  

Measurement Invariance for Categorical Outcomes

• Svetina, D., Rutkowski, L. & Rutkowski, D. (2020). Multiple-Group Invariance with Categorical Outcomes Using Updated Guidelines: An Illustration Using Mplus and the lavaan/semTools Packages. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 27(1), 111-130, DOI: 10.1080/10705511.2019.1602776
  
  
• Pendergast, L. L., von der Embse, N., Kilgus, S. P., & Eklund, K. R. (2017). Measurement equivalence: A non-technical primer on categorical multi-group confirmatory factor analysis in school psychology. Journal of School Psychology, 60, 65-82. DOI: 10.1016/j.jsp.2016.11.002
  
  
• Wu, H. & Estabrook, R. (2016). Identification of confirmatory factor analysis models of different levels of invariance for ordered categorical outcomes. Psychometrika 81(4), 1014–1045 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-016-9506-0
  
  

Measurement Invariance in EFA

• Asparouhov, T. & Muthén, B. (2009). Exploratory structural equation modeling. Structural Equation Modeling, 16, 397-438.
  
  

Random Loadings

• Asparouhov, T. & Muthén, B. (2016). General random effect latent variable modeling: Random subjects, items, contexts, and parameters. In Harring, J. R., & Stapleton, L. M., & Beretvas, S. N. (Eds.), Advances in multilevel modeling for educational research: Addressing practical issues found in real-world applications (pp. 163-192). Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing, Inc. Mplus scripts.
  
  

Measurement Invariance – MNLFA

• Bauer, D.J. (2017). A more general model for testing measurement invariance and differential item functioning. Psychological Methods, 22(3), 507-526
  
  
• Bauer, D.J. (2017). Mplus Supplemental Materials for: A more general model for testing measurement invariance and differential item functioning. Psychological Methods, 22(3), 507-526
  
  

Other Resources

• Alignment tutorial by Maksim Rudnev.

For more information, visit our General Description page.